Research in this domain employs basic, applied and integrative molecular, cellular and systemic approaches to study animal and plant physiology under natural and pathological conditions. The research focus ranges from cell and tissue culture to animal model and human pathophysiological studies. The scope of research in the animal physiology sub-domain includes cell physiology, systems physiology and pathophysiology. The plant physiology sub-domain explores the effects of environmental factors, aging and metabolite content on various aspects of plant growth, its responses to light intensity and nutritional requirement. Genetic studies leading to development of cloned and transgenic plants are also covered. Knowledge of plant physiology contributes to the advancement of agricultural practices and agro-technology including drug discovery research that extends into the fractionation and isolation of plant derived metabolites, ways to enhance the metabolite concentration and their mode of action for therapeutic research, basic toxicology assessment, phytopharmaceutical and nutraceutical efficacy, pharmacogenomics, and toxicogenomics.